U.S.
Military / Climate Change / Primary Sources
The
White House. (2015). Findings from Select Federal Reports: National Security
Implications of Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/National_Security_Implications_of_Changing_Climate_Final_051915.pdf
This very recent synthesis and summary, from the White House, of a
variety of major sources cited below eloquently sums up the threat that climate
change poses to security of the United States of America. The report
summarizes the domestic and international security implications of climate
change while predicting the demands it will place on military resources. The White
House concludes its findings with a pledge, that the U.S. is preparing with
strong resilience measures in order to address the changing dynamics of a
warming planet.
America’s Climate
Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change, National Research
Council (2010). Advancing the Science of
Climate Change. Washington D.C., The National
American Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/csbsju/reader.action?docID=10439400&ppg=1
This text, under the technical chapters in part II, chapter 16,
explains the relationship between climate and national security in terms of
military operations and international relations. Also within chapter 16 there
is a portion dedicated to the prospect of binding international agreements
under treaty verification. Additionally, the relationship between climate
change and human security is discussed in a broader sense which is followed by
future research needs of the U.S. military concerning climate change.
America’s Climate
Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change, National Research
Council (2010). Adapting to the Impacts
of Climate Change. Washington DC, USA: The
National American Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/csbsju/reader.action?docID=10439397&ppg=17
In this text book, under Rationale and mechanisms for global
engagement in climate change adaption (chapter 6), various issues of U.S.
National Security are covered. Rationale for U.S. engagement in adaption to
climate change at the global scale are discussed in depth. The issues consist
of global unrest brought on by a lack of necessary resource availability which
could lead to future armed conflicts. A decrease in water quality and supply
are mentioned as specific threat multipliers that the U.S. military will face
for decades to come. The text also mentions the need of the military to act as
a global first responder to natural disasters, which will only increase with
more sever are and unpredictable weather anomalies.
Barnett, J.
(2003). Security and Climate Change. Global
Environmental Change, 13, 7-17. Retrieved from
This
article explores the ranges of possible connections between climate change and
national security. In doing so, it looks at human security concerns and future
military roles under the assumption that climate change may trigger violent
conflict. This peer-reviewed paper also dives into discussion of both
mitigation and adaption of climate change. Overall this source provides
evidence to why climate change is a national security issue.
Busby,
J. (2015). Climate Change and National Security. US Army Research, Development and Engineering Command, ADA613137,
1-17.
This paper comes from the Strauss Center for International
Security and Law at the University of Texas at Austin. It was written under the
CCAPS (Climate Change and African Political Stability) program which is funded
by the DoD’s Minerva Initiative. The initiative is a university-based, social
science research program focused on areas of strategic importance to national
security policy. In the paper, basic questions are answered, such as does
climate change constitute a national security threat to the U.S. and how do the
U.S. security and academic communities describe the security implications of
climate change? This source also provides science, U.S. Military and
Intelligence community, think tank, academic and CCAPS resources for further
study.
Campbell,
K. M. (2008). Climatic Cataclysm: The
Foreign Policy and National Security. Washington D.C., Brookings Institution
Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/csbsju/reader.action?docID=10338437&ppg=1
This
book gives a compressive perspective about national security and climate change.
Within the text, various predictions of future national security consequences
of climate change are made. The source also provides a detailed history of the
U.S.’s DoD redefining security beyond the cold war and the long-standing debate
concerning redefinition. The question what
can be done? Is also pondered, in terms of global cooperation to combat
climate change extensively in subsequent chapters.
Dale,
C. (2014). The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) and Defense Strategy:
Issues for Congress. Congressional
Research Service, Retrieved from http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R43403.pdf
Section 118, Title 10 of U.S. Code requires the Department of
Defense (DoD) to submit a report to congress concerning its most recent QDR
process no later than when the President has to submit his budget request for
that particular fiscal year. The purpose of this report is to “delineate a
national defense strategy” for the U.S. and provide insight to the necessary
steps to be taken in order to implement such a strategy.
Daniels
et al. (2015). U.S. Department of Energy: National Strategy for the Artic
Region (NSAR) – Ten Year Renewable Energy Plan, Office of Indian Energy, Retrieved from
NSAR gives insight into the U.S. government’s “strategic
priorities for the artic region.” Such priorities put the U.S. in a place to
take full advantage of “emerging opportunities” that will be presenting
themselves in the following ten years, in terms of renewable energy. This
effort displays the areas for federal agency engagement in order to increase
renewable energy along with overall energy efficiency in the artic region.
Donley,
M. B. (2010). Air Force Energy Plan. Air
Force for Installations, Environment and Logistics & Office of Primary
Responsibility, Retrieved from
This plan serves as the framework for all Air Force personnel in
communicating Air Force energy objectives. This plan not only lays out the
action steps for the Air Force to reach these objectives, but also specifies
the command responsible for executing each phase.
Executive
Office of the President (2014). National Security Strategy. Retrieved from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA616357
This
paper from the President outlines the strategic position that the U.S. is
currently engaged in at this moment concerning national security. This
ambitious agenda, concerning many other issues than just global warming, put
forth by the President will take many presidencies to fully implement.
Fitzgerald, E. K.
& Cordesman, A. H. & Arleigh, A. (2009). The 2010 Quadrennial Defense
Review. Center for Strategies &
International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/files/publication/090809_qdrahc_revised.pdf
This
working draft of the 2010 quadrennial defense review is written to develop new
policies, capabilities and initiatives of the U.S. Department of defense.
Although past defense reviews have been followed by a “strategy-reality gap” in
the past, there is a greater concern for real policy to be enacted in terms of
climate change mitigation. The 2010 QDR
has the potential to be the next step in reform processes to the current path
the U.S. military is heading down, in the context of military spending in relation
to climate change.
Greenert,
J. W. (2009). US Navy Arctic Roadmap. Task
Force Climate Change / Oceanographer of the Navy, Retrieved from
Science
shows that anthropogenic climate change is being most felt in the artic
regions. Because the “artic is primarily a maritime environment” the Navy bases
its policies, strategies, force structure and investment on it the attic’s ever
changing state. This roadmap will be updated and refined to correctly follow
all subsequent QDRs.
Greenert.
J. W. (2014). The United States Navy Arctic Roadmap for 2014 to 2030. Task Force Climate Change, Retrieved
from
This policy plan, put forth by the U.S. Navy is in response to the
opening for the Arctic Ocean and the impact this has on national security implications
and future naval capabilities. These future naval responses will be based out
of the state of the Alaska and the surrounding arctic region, in partnership
with Canada. The purpose of Task Force Climate in the Navy is to better
understand the changing environment of the arctic region.
Hayden,
T. J. et al. (2013). Department of
the Army: High-level Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Retrieved
from
This report was prepared by the Engineer Research Development
Center for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army. The objective or
purpose of this report is to provide the Assistant Secretary with a broad
overview of potential vulnerabilities of various Army installations to climate
change. Ultimately, the report will be used to inform Army leadership and
planners, at all levels in charge of installation management, of climate change
impacts on training, operations and facilities.
Houser,
T. & Hsaing, S. & Kopp, R. & Larsen, K. (2015). Economic Risks of Climate Change: An
American Prospectus. New York. Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=0QTSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&dq=us+military/climate+change&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwA2oVChMIlamLq-zTyAIViXceCh01nArL#v=onepage&q&f=false
Under the unquantified
impacts of climate change in part 4 of the text, chapter 20 is titled national
security. This chapter unpacks the ideas of how the U.S. military plans for
contingencies in the future, all while keeping in mind indirect international
impacts, amidst the uncertainty of the effects of anthropogenic climate change.
This chapter begins with an excellent quote from General Gordon Sullivan
describing that waiting for 100% certainty before action is not the way of
soldiers before battle and therefore should not be the way of the American
public.
Justice,
N. G. & Vane, M. A. & Stevenson, M. H. (2010). Power and Energy
Strategy White Paper. Army Capabilities
Integration Center – Research, Development and Engineering Command, Retrieved
from
The paper provides an outline of power an energy capabilities that
support the Army’s needs in both the near and long-term. “Considering the
complexity of modern military systems and operational environments, there is no
reason to a ‘silver-bullet’ solution.” The authors of this paper, instead
suggest the implementation of incremental improvements in power and energy
density and efficiency through the pursuit of a variety of options.
Kelly,
J. V. (2013). Department of Homeland Security: FEMA’s Initial Response in New
York to Hurricane Sandy. Office of
Inspector General, Retrieved from https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2013/OIG_13-124_Sep13.pdf
Report
summarizing the initial response from the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) to the impacts of Hurricane Sandy in New York from November 2012 to May
2013. This report does not include any recommendations in terms of an after
action review for FEMA, rather it simply summarizes the audit that took place
of FEMA officials during the time they initially dealt with the crisis. The
results of the audit are as follows, “FEMA provided an effective and efficient
response to the damages caused by Hurricane Sandy.”
Kendall,
F. (2014). Department of Defense Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan FY
2014. Office of the Deputy Under
Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, Retrieved from
This is an annual report of the DoD SSPP which lays out the DoD’s
plan for sustainability through the fiscal year 2020. This plan addresses
climate change because of its impact on national security. The DoD seeks to
withstand a ready and resilient force that will be able to respond to global
instability, the opening of the arctic and increasing sea level storm surges
near coastal installations. In the past, the DoD has made improvements on reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, facility energy and water consumption, petroleum
based fuel and solid waste. In the short term, its goals include pursuing
renewable energies, researching more about the impacts of climate change and
sustainable procurement. The overall objective of the DoD’s SSPP is to promote
sustainability in the everyday fabric of the DoD mission going into the future.
Longstein,
K. & Pimpedly, J. (2014). Peace Corps Climate Change Adaptation Plan.
Retrieved from http://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/policies/2014_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Plan.pdf
This
policy plan is designed to preserve the Peace Corps mission in the midst of a
changing climate. The Peace Corps’ mission, concerning climate change, is to
“provide leadership in enhancing programs that build capacity and strengthen
resilience among the most vulnerable countries where volunteers serve.” To do
so, it aims to integrate adaptation into all parts of its operations, both at
home and abroad which include country post logistics and services.
Lozar, R. C. &
Hiett, M. D. & Westervelt, J. D. & Weahterly J. W. (2011). Anticipating Climate Change Impacts on Army
Installations. Champaign, Illinois: Engineer Research and Development
Center – Construction Engineering Research Lab. Retrieved from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA559185
As
climate change leads to habitat change, there will also be changes to training sites
on U.S. Army Instillations. This report explores how results from global
climate models can aid in the forecasting challenges to habitats and species
while also estimating potential effects on erosion at all 130 continental U.S.
installations. This is key because both the Federal government’s requirements
regarding the maintenance of threatened species and erosion will have a major
impact on military training operations in the future. The purpose of this
report is to provide insight into the probable changes of operations that will
be required for the instillations to carry on their responsibilities to stay
mission capable in the future.
Lute, J. H. (2012). Department of Homeland Security
Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap. Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Appendix%20A%20DHS%20FY2012%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation%20Plan_0.pdf
This CCA roadmap from the DHS is in
response to a government mandate, back in 2009, requiring all federal
departments to comply with U.S. government’s efforts to develop a national CCA
strategy. This particular roadmap consists of 42 identified actions which seek
to ensure security, resilience and customs and exchange with the world across
all care mission areas in the face of climate change. Overall, there are four
strategic objectives of the DHS, manage climate change risks (17 actions),
protect and ensure resilience of critical infrastructure and key resources
(CIKR) (5 actions), ensure nation’s resilience to more frequent or extreme
weather events and natural disasters (8 actions), and contribute to safety,
stability, security and environmental protection in the arctic (12 actions).
Napolitano,
J. (2013). Department of Homeland Security Climate Action Plan. Community and
Infrastructure Resilience Working Group, Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf
This
climate change action plan is broken into three sections, the history of
climate change adaptation (CCA) at DHS, aligning with the president’s action
plan, and action steps that the DHS plan to implement. The overall purpose of
these annual reports from the DHS are to “evaluate agency climate change risks
and vulnerabilities to manage the efforts of climate change on the agency’s
operations and mission in both the short and the long term.” Then audience of
these plans are the American public, policy makers, stakeholders and heads of
both I/NGOs.
Office for the
Deputy under Secretary of Defense (2014). Department of Defense 2014 Climate
Change Adaptation Roadmap. Installations
and Environment. Retrieved from
Climate
change will affect the Department of Defense’s ability to defend the Nation and
poses immediate risks to U.S. national security. In this military plan of
action, the department of defense is responding to climate change in two ways,
adaption and mitigation. Throughout the roadmap, adaption is covered in depth,
while mitigation is not. This document contains very progressive statements
concerning climate change from top military leaders and Chuck Hagel himself. This
policy framework for climate change adaption planning is formatted in terms of
three major adaption goals which are fleshed out under four categories, plans
and operations, training and testing, built and national infrastructure, and
acquisition and supply chain.
Office for the
Deputy under Secretary of Defense (2012). Department of Defense 2014 Climate
Change Adaptation Roadmap. Installations
and Environment. Retrieved from
This
brief goes hand in hand with the 2012 climate adaption roadmap from the
homeland security. Much of this document is founded upon the principles of the
QDRs which are issued by the Secretary of Defense. The four broad goals of the
DoD is to define a coordinating body to address climate change, utilize robust
decision making approaches, by in climate change considerations into
pre-existing processes and partner with other governmental agencies to overcome
the challenges of climate change. Throughout this paper are a variety of
impactful quotes of both heads of government and military concerning the risks
that climate change pose for this nation’s future.
Papp,
R. J. (2013). U.S. Coast Guard Operational Sustainability Performance Plan. Department of Homeland Security, Retrieved
from
Because the main goal of the U.S. Coast Guard is to protect America’s
marine and coastal environment, they have great interest in promoting
sustainability in maritime regions. In this plan, there are a variety of SMART
goals under the following categories; facilities progress towards statutory
requirements, communications system and navigational aid greenhouse gas
reduction and shipboard greenhouse gas reductions. This plan, along with plans
from other branches, are largely in response to the President’s Executive Oder
13514 “Federal Leadership in Environmental Energy, and Economic Performance.”
This EO sets a variety of sustainability goals for Federal Agencies to improve
upon environmental, energy and economic performance in a measureable way.
Papp,
R. J. (2013). U.S. Coast Guard Artic Strategy – Vision for Operating in the
Artic Region: Ensure safe, secure, and environmentally responsible maritime
activity in the Artic. Retrieved from
This strategy begins with a brief overview of the interaction that the
U.S. has played in the Arctic region form shipping and transit to oil
production and natural resources. Since maritime activity is increasing as the
Arctic ice rereads, it is crucial that all institutions that directly interact
with this region continually update their strategies for sustainable
development. This plan has an operational horizon of ten years and consists of
improving awareness of the Arctic region, modernizing governance of the Arctic
region and broadening partnerships of organizations that have direct influence
over the Arctic region.
Ragnhild,
N. & Gleditsch, N. P. (2007). Climate Change and Conflict. Political Geography, 26, 627-638.
Climate
change is widely expected to exacerbate resources, causing future armed
conflicts. Social scientists are now beginning to investigate the security
concerns of climate change more systematically. This source also contains a
very rich list of references that provide a multitude of case studies of how
resource scarcity has brought on armed conflict, especially lack of water
availability in the Middle East.
Reichert,
J. & Cuttino, P. & Lightbody, L. & Lubetsky, J. F. (2010).
Reenergizing America’s Defense: How the Armed Forces are Stepping Forward to
Combat Climate Change and Improve the U.S. Energy Posture, The Pew Project on National Security, Energy and Climate, Retrieved
from
This document from the Pew Project begins with a letter to the
American public from retired Senator John W. Warner. In it, he gives a very
insightful background into the history of U.S. military involvement with
dealing with climate change over the past decade. In the report that follows
details many of the initiatives of the DoD concerning climate change and the
military’s “energy posture.” Because “energy and the way we use it are
far-reaching national security issues” it’s no wonder how climate change has
also becomes classified as a national security risk.
Riddle, K. W.
(2014). U.S. National Artic Strategy: Preparing Defensive Lines of Effort for
the Artic. National Defense University
Norfolk Va. Joint Forces Staff College. Retrieved from
This
paper provides a strategic assessment of the Arctic, from the DoD perspective,
and lends recommendations to top military officials to prepare defensive lines
of effort, should they be needed in 10-15 years or beyond. This paper is in
response to increase of economic opportunities in the Arctic and the U.S. lack
of the infrastructure, command and control and Arctic-capable assets to meet
national strategic objectives. Since 2009, the U.S. has progressively released
strategic documents outlining the U.S. interests and national objectives in the
Arctic. These documents do not adequately address all the strategic risks at
stake in the Arctic and do not provide clear guidance to the DoD for defensive
lines of effort. The U.S. strategic approach to the Arctic is that of accepting
the current stable and conflict free Arctic region as remaining the same in the
future. This strategic approach is adequate for the near term; however, it
lacks specific guidance to DoD on how to prepare for possible conflict in the
future. Recent events involving Russia in the Ukraine and China in the South
China Sea provide historical context to the willingness of nations to use
military means to defend their national interests. Without adequate defensive
posturing, competition over Arctic resources could become the first direct
existential threat to U.S. sovereignty.
Rogers,
W. (2010). Promoting the Dialogue: Climate Change and America’s Air Forces. Center for a New American Security: Strong,
Pragmatic and Principled National Security and Defense Policies, Retrieved
from
This
working paper outlines the significant changes that climate change would impose
on future U.S. Air Force missions around the world. Both the Air Force and the
Navy, in particular, are assessing their short and long term energy strategies
in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. Because climate change has
the potential to change operating and strategic environments, it is classified
as a threat multiplier for the U.S. Air Force and other services branches. As
of now, however, analysts have not adequately explored what effects climate
change could have on the U.S. Air Forces specifically.
Salem, A. &
King, C. & Fox, S. & Haley, R. & Klotzbach, M. (2009). Best
Practices in the Navy’s Energy Programs: Strategic Communication Factors
Operating in the Tactical Forces. Center
for Defense Management Research, Retrieved form
This
document from the Center for Defense Management Research reviews past documents
of existing Navy energy conservation programs in order to provide critique to
those practices. A wide variety of Navy tactical forces’ personnel were also
interviewed regarding their insights into effectiveness of current programs.
The recommendations to the head policy makers in the Navy include, but are not
limited to, expanding and improving existing programs, tailoring communication
themes between programs, further development of risk communication plans,
designing a process for evaluating conservation capabilities and to support an
integrated schematic communications process.
Salehyan, I.
(2008). From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet. Journal of Peace Research, 45(3), 315-326
This
article challenges the view that climate change and scarcity of resources will
directly impact future political violence. It instead focuses on the effects of
climate change on armed conflicts while taking into consideration a variety of
political and social variables to better understand where and when conflicts
are likely to occur. Afterwards, the article discusses methods to improve
future research on the climate change-conflict connection. It also gives broad
suggestions for policy makers.
Smith,
P. (2007). Climate Change, Mass Migration and the Military Response. Elsevier/Foreign Policy Research
Institute, 51(4), 617-633.
This paper focuses on the U.S. military response to various
weather disasters, like Hurricane Katrina, as case studies that can be used to
predict how the military will react to natural disasters around the world in
decades to come. In the context of the emerging century’s international
migration, there is much speculation to what role the U.S. military will play
in aiding in the relocation of “climate change refugees.”
The
White House. (2013). The President’s Climate Action Plan. Executive Officer of the President, Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/image/president27sclimateactionplan.pdf
In this action plan, the president lays out a brief overview of
the major goals for the U.S. to follow in order to ensure a cleaner, more
stable environment for future generations. By 2020, Obama has pledged that
America will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 17 percent below 2005 levels if all other major economies agree to lower
their emissions as well. The rest of the plan, which consists of three main
executive actions are cutting carbon pollution in America, preparing the U.S.
for the impacts of climate change and leading international efforts to combat
global climate change and prepare for its impacts. Ultimately this plan calls
for mitigation and adaptation of the U.S. and its allies.
The
White House (2013). National Strategy for the Artic Region. Executive Officer of the President,
Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf
This document sets forth the priorities that the U.S. has in the
Arctic region followed by its strategy to protects its interests. The strategy
consists of three main goals, advancing U.S. security interests, pursuing
responsible Arctic stewardship and strengthening international cooperation in
the Arctic. These general approaches are
based upon four fundamental principles, safeguarding peace and stability,
making decisions with the best available information, pursuit of innovative
agreements and consult and coordination with Alaskan natives.
Tillostson,
M. P. (2010). Navy Expeditionary Combat Command 15 Year Energy Strategy. Navy Expeditionary Combat Command. Retrieved
from http://www.public.navy.mil/necc/hq/Documents/NECC%2015%20YEAR%20ENERGY%20STRATEGY%20PT1.pdf
This document from the NECC outlines the energy consumption goals
of the U.S. Navy to meet by the FY 2025, and before. By 2020, the Navy plans to
reduce fuel consumption by 15% by changing how it equipment is used; and also
increase fuel efficiency of end items by 15%. For 2025, this fifteen year
strategy hopes to reduce energy consumption, improve energy efficiency and
increase alternative energy use in expeditionary forces. In order to do so, the
Navy will; reduce the number of convoys to forward operating bases, meet energy
reduction goals/mandates, reduce reliance on foreign fossil fuels, reduce
greenhouse gas and other harmful exhaust emissions, implement behavioral,
operational, and procedural changes, develop hardware and software for
equipment to be more compatible, along with a variety of other steps.
Vice Chief of
Naval Operations (2010). U.S. Navy Climate Change Roadmap. Task Force Climate Change / Oceanographer of the Navy. Retrieved
from http://www.navy.mil/navydata/documents/CCR.pdf
Along
with the Army, the U.S. Navy also put forth a climate change roadmap, outlining
its plan to deal with anthropogenic climate change in the decades to come. The
document also refers to climate change as an overall threat multiplier for U.S.
national security. Climate change will affect the type, scope and location of
future Navy missions. This roadmap outlines the Navy’s plan to observing,
predicting and adapting to climate change through a variety of comprehensive
action steps and desired effects for FY10-14. Although this paper does not
mention climate change mitigation efforts (described in Navy’s Energy Strategy
by Task Force Energy) it is intended to serve as a comparison document to the
Navy’s Arctic Roadmap, released in 2009.
U.S.
Army Corps. Of Engineers. (2014). Climate Change Adaptation Plan. Climate Preparedness and Resilience Steering
Committee, Retrieved from
This
plan was put together under the committee on Climate Preparedness and
Resilience (CCPR). This plan will be updated annually in the future and is made
publically available to the general public, stakeholders, policy makers and the
White House staff. This plan contains descriptions of programs, policies and
plans that are already being fully implemented by the Army. This plan also
suggests a variety of additional actions that the USACE will take in both the
short and long term future to manage climate risks and build overall
resilience. Such vulnerability assessments support the identification of
climate change impacts on / and risks to, mission capabilities, operations and
programs.
U.S.
Department of State (2013). FY13 Climate Change Adaptation Plan. Retrieved from
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/203934.pdf
The DoS, like the DoD, recognizes the potential for climate change
to be a “threat multiplier” for U.S. national security. As a lead institution
for the conduct of American diplomacy, the DoS’s plan highlights the importance
of rapid and effective action, even before all information is fully gathered
and analyzed, to address the global challenges of climate change. The DoS
therefore plans to full a crucial leadership role for the rest of developing
nations to follow in terms of strengthening resilience among the most
vulnerable of countries to climate change through one on one partnerships.
USCENTCOM
(2014). Climate Change Assessment. Retrieved from http://web.ornl.gov/sci/knowledgediscovery/QDR/docs/USCENTCOM_Climate_Change_Assessment.pdf
The U.S. Central Command explains the ability that climate change
has to exacerbate hazards I certain climatic conditions around the globe. This
brief gives military insight into the many effects climate change will have on
increasing the number and scale of a variety of natural occurrences from heat
waves and wildfires to floods and typhoons, both regionally and globally.
Ultimately this document further explains why climate change is such a large
threat multiplier to U.S. national security/interests.
Wolfenbarger,
J. C. (2013). Strategic Plan 2013. Air
Force Material Command, Retrieved from,
Four the next three to five years, this documented is intended to
guide Air Force command’s actions. This plan provides a strategic context and
guidance to influence the Agile Combat Support Core Function lead Integrator’s
(ACS CFLI) heads both in the near and long term. Under this plan, some of the
priorities of the Air Force are to continue strengthening the Air Force nuclear
enterprise, modernize air and space inventories, organization and training, and
recapture question excellence. All these priorities fall under three main
missions, winning the fight, strengthening the team and shaping the future.
Wuebbles, D. J.
(2014). Potential effects of climate change on global security. Environmental system Decision, 34, 564-577.
The
article makes clear that climate change exacerbates other stressors or, in
other words, is a threat multiplier. The main focus of this paper is to look
into the future of climate change with varying predictions of how it could
affect both national and global security.
Wow! Really impressive and comprehensive research.
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